The dose for cellulose (100mg/kg/day) that accounts for 25% of 400mg/kg/day WE was chosen as the excessive dose because cellulose was not soluble in water. left-ventricular remodelling, which is a predictor of heart failure. Among the wheat components, arabinose and xylose were identified as active components responsible for the observed efficacy of WE, which was administered via ingestion and tail-vein injections. Finally, the food components of plant-based diets that contained cell wall polysaccharides rich in arabinose, xylose, and possibly fucose were found to confer protection against myocardial injury. These results show for the first time that specific monosaccharides found in the cell wall polysaccharides in plant-based diets can act as active ingredients that reduce CHD by inhibiting postocclusion steps, including MI and heart failure. Coronary heart disease (CHD) typically manifests as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (MI) and has become the leading cause of death1. CHD is usually caused by atherosclerosis, and subsequent plaque buildup narrows the coronary arteries, leading to angina pectoris (preocclusion steps). Occasional plaque rupture and consequent thrombus formation result in artery occlusion (postocclusion steps). The resultant ischaemia is responsible for myocardial cell death via apoptosis and necrosis, and the extensive cell death leads to MI. Subsequently, post-MI events trigger adverse remodelling in the heart, leading to heart failure. Close to 70% of patients presenting with CHD die before receiving reperfusion therapy at a hospital2. Thus, the development of improved prevention strategies would play a crucial role in reducing CHD-related deaths. To lower IgG2b/IgG2a Isotype control antibody (FITC/PE) CHD risk, the consumption of a diet high in plant-derived foods has been recommended. Based on various cohort studies, the adherence to plant-based diets, such as Mediterranean and pescetarian diets3, and a higher consumption of their food components, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, pulses, nuts, and seafood4, 5, 6, 7, are associated with a reduced risk of CHD mortality. It has been proposed that plant-based diets and their food components reduce the risk of CHD via preocclusion mechanisms that reduce the associated risk factors, resulting in improved lipid profiles and glycaemic control and reduced blood pressure4, 5, 6, 7. Furthermore, no specific constituents have been demonstrated as active HIF-2a Translation Inhibitor food components; rather, it appears that various constituents, including dietary fibre, polyphenols, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, and vegetable proteins, act synergistically4, 5. In addition , the majority of related studies have examined gene-diet interactions at the genomic and epigenomic levels, rather than the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, to identify molecular mechanisms8. Thus, the active components and their underlying mechanisms at the system level in plant-based diets that prevent CHD risk must be identified using various animal models in combination with omics tools. Previously, we showed that the hot water extract of HIF-2a Translation Inhibitor apple9and apple pectin10, a cell wall polysaccharide, protects against ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury by inhibiting the apoptotic cascade in a rat MI model. Based on these results, we hypothesize that cell wall polysaccharides, which are the predominant constituents of dietary fibre in plant-based diets, contribute to the reduction of CHD risk by blocking postocclusion steps. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we used three rat IR models in combination with quantitative proteomics to investigate whether cell wall polysaccharides from various food components, which may also contain active monosaccharides, can indeed protect against myocardial injury. == Results == == Short-term IR experiments indicate that wheat extract (WE) intake prevents myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis == In this study, cardioprotectants derived from plant extracts were identified by first screening approximately 4, 000 samples supplied by the Korea Plant Extract Bank (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea) using anin vitrocell culture system that mimicsin vivoischaemia. We selected WE as a representative cereal grain of plant-based diets from the candidates11, 12, as it improved cell survival under ischaemic conditions by inhibiting apoptosis (Supplementary Fig. S1). To determine whether WE could protect against myocardial injuryin vivoduring the postocclusion steps of CHD, rats were supplemented with various doses of WE (01, 600 mg/kg/day) for 3 days, and the rats then underwentshort-termischaemia (30 minutes) followed byshort-termreperfusion (3 hours) (SISR; Fig. 1ac). WE supplementation over 200 mg/kg/day significantly reduced HIF-2a Translation Inhibitor the infarct size (IS) compared with the control group (35. 1 4. 1% vs . 54. 1 1 . 4%) (Fig. 1c). A comparison was performed by employing.